Anatomy and Physiology – Muscular System Practice Test

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• Which statement best describes the mechanism by which botulinum toxin affects neuromuscular transmission and the resulting muscle state?
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized form of which organelle?
• How does cardiac muscle differ structurally and functionally from skeletal muscle?
• What describes flexion?
• Explain the all-or-none principle in muscle fibers.
• What is creatine phosphate?
• What are free radicals?
• How do antagonist pairs relate to each other?
• What kinds of activities is cellular respiration used for?
• Which ions exchange places to cause Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
• What is the basic reaction for anaerobic respiration/fermentation described?
• Creatine phosphate is primarily used for activities lasting less than 15 seconds. Which of the following best describes this use?
• What does muscle force depend upon?
• Which statement accurately describes the general differences between Type I and Type II skeletal muscle fibers?
• Which of the following is inflammation of the tendon due to repetitive overuse?
• What are the different types of muscles?
• Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle primarily facilitate what function?
• During the power stroke, what happens?
• Does anaerobic respiration/fermentation require oxygen?
• Where are satellite cells located relative to muscle fibers?
• Which molecule is produced alongside ATP when creatine phosphate donates a phosphate to ADP?
• What causes degeneration of mitochondria?
• Which layer surrounds a single muscle fiber?
• What is adduction?
• Which is a muscular dystrophy?
• What are graded responses?
• What is the sliding filament model?
• How much energy does one ATP molecule provide?
• What do muscles do?
• If ATP becomes depleted, what happens to the cross-bridges between actin and myosin?
• What are the steps of muscle stimulation by a nerve impulse?
• Which tissue is inflamed in myalgia?
• Which list accurately names the three basic types of muscle found in the body?
• Within a sarcomere, which region contains only thin filaments?
• Can all fibers, within a skeletal muscle, be stimulated during the same interval?
• Which statement best describes the roles of a prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and stabilizer?
• Creatine phosphate is best described as
• What is abduction?
• Which term describes increasing the angle of a joint?
• What is the reaction for creatine phosphate?
• What feature of cardiac muscle supports its autorhythmicity?
• Anaerobic respiration/fermentation is typically used during activities lasting how long?
• What is a muscle fiber?
• Which hormones influence muscle growth and breakdown, and how?
• Which are the two main types of smooth muscle and an example for each?
• What is a cross bridge?
• What is the equation for cellular respiration?
• How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in the described anaerobic pathway?
• What does exercise do for muscles?
• Describe the role of t-tubules and terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling.
• Which process is aerobic energy production?
• How much ATP does 1 glucose molecule make?
• What term describes a bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle?
• What distinguishes an aponeurosis from a tendon?
• Which proteins form the core contractile machinery of the sarcomere, and which regulate their interaction?
• Rigor mortis onset timing: which statement is correct?
• Which condition involves inflammation of the tendon due to repetitive use?
• The perimysium surrounds what?
• During anaerobic metabolism in muscles, lactic acid causes what?
• The dark band is known as which band?
• Which movement moves a limb away from the midline?
• Which band is primarily associated with thin filaments?
• What is a myofibril?
• In skeletal muscle, contraction is regulated by the troponin-tropomyosin complex. Which statement correctly describes this mechanism?
• What roles do satellite cells play in muscle growth and repair?
• Exposure to oxygen and free radicals causes degeneration of which organelle?
• How does smooth muscle contraction cause vasoconstriction, and how does this differ from skeletal muscle contraction?
• Which movement moves a limb toward the midline?
• What is an antagonist?
• What is the role of a synergist?
• What is a sarcomere?
• Sprain definition
• What happens to muscles that are not used?
• Which statement best describes the force-velocity relationship in muscles?
• Which covering surrounds the entire skeletal muscle?
• What is the incubation period for tetanus?
• What separates muscle structure?
• Which term describes inflammation of muscle tissue?
• Which statement best describes the sliding filament theory?
• What is circumduction?
• In a sarcomere, which region is characterized by the presence of only thick (myosin) filaments?
• Explain how the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex contributes to muscle integrity.
• What do different combinations of muscle fiber contractions do?
• Skeletal muscles are which kind of structures?
• How do warmups and warmth affect exercise-induced muscle soreness and performance?
• What are the main products of cellular respiration when glucose is fully oxidized?
• Explain the concept of muscle fatigue and two proposed cellular mechanisms.
• What does the epimysium blend into to form the tendon?
• Which statement is true about common criteria used to name skeletal muscles?
• Which option correctly defines a motor unit?
• Which muscle type lines the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs and is not under voluntary control?
• Which layer surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle)?
• The energy released from ATP occurs when
• Which statement best describes calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) and its role in muscle contraction?
• Which term describes inflammation of a tendon?
• The sites of muscle attachment include which structures?
• Which muscle type pumps blood through the heart?
• Myasthenia Gravis involves a shortage of receptors for which neurotransmitter?
• Which are the three main connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle?
• What are the three ways muscles make energy (ATP)?
• Which sequence correctly describes the structural organization from muscle to sarcomere?
• How does the toxin released by Clostridium tetani affect the body?
• What is a synergist?
• Which event initiates cross-bridge cycling in skeletal muscle contraction?
• In smooth muscle, which molecule forms a complex with calcium to activate MLCK?
• What mechanism increases the total force produced by a muscle during graded contraction?
• How is movement of a body part attained?
• What are the attachment points of a muscle called?
• In skeletal muscle, which statement describes the primary trigger for Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during excitation-contraction coupling?
• What is the primary function of a tendon?
• Which regulatory proteins control access to myosin-binding sites on actin?
• Which term describes the muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover?
• What do muscles use stored ATP for?
• What initiates cross-bridge formation in the sliding filament model's first step?
• Which statement about how skeletal muscles are named is true?
• Where do myosin and actin overlap somewhat?
• What is rotation?
• What is an origin point?
• The membrane sarcolemma is best described as which of the following?
• Define isotonic and isometric contractions.
• How is energy released?
• What is a fascicle?
• How does an antagonist muscle pair work?
• Which term best describes inflammation of a tendon due to repetitive use?
• What is the dark band in a sarcomere known as?
• What is a sprain?
• Which of the following is a type of ordinary body movement?
• What is muscular dystrophy?
• When do cross-bridges detach from actin?
• Differentiate concentric from eccentric contraction with an example.
• Which of the following correctly matches the three primary muscle tissue types with their voluntary status and whether they are striated or nonstriated?
• Which bacterium is responsible for tetanus?
• What is the role of the troponin-tropomyosin complex in skeletal muscle contraction?
• Which statement best describes tendinitis?
• Muscles attach to how many points?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a function of muscles?
• Name the three connective tissue layers surrounding a skeletal muscle from outside to inside.
• CapZ and Tropomodulin regulate sarcomere length by capping which ends of actin filaments?
• In the muscular system, inflammation of the muscle tissue is called?
• Which of the following best distinguishes muscle tone from muscle strength?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between cellular respiration and oxygen?
• DOMS is typically associated with which type of contraction leading to soreness after unfamiliar exercise?
• What is an insertion point?
• Which statement correctly lists the three ways muscles make ATP?
• Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid during anaerobic metabolism. True or false?
• What is Duchenne MD?
• What method does muscle fiber contraction follow?
• What also affects the structure and function of muscles?
• What microscopic feature distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal and cardiac muscle?
• What is tetanus as a contraction phenomenon, and how is it produced?
• Which two protein filaments make up a sarcomere?
• A tendon is best described as which of the following?
• What is anaerobic respiration/fermentation?
• Tetanus is a disease caused by a neurotoxin produced by bacteria that interferes with the nerves that control muscle movement. Which body system is primarily affected?
• What is the light band in a sarcomere known as?
• Which mechanism activates smooth muscle contraction via calcium signaling?
• What is myoglobin and why is it important for muscle function?
• Which ion must be present to expose binding sites on actin for cross-bridge formation?
• Within a skeletal muscle, which component directly makes up a sarcomere and participates in contraction?
• What does skeletal muscle contain?
• What condition describes inflammation of a tendon due to repetitive strain?
• The endomysium surrounds which structure?
• What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules in excitation-contraction coupling?
• Which tissue is inflamed in myalgia?
• Creatine phosphate serves to rapidly regenerate ATP by donating a phosphate to ADP. Which statement best describes this role?
• What are thick filaments composed of and what are thin filaments composed of?
• How are skeletal muscles stimulated to contract?
• What is the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle?
• Origin is defined as the attachment to what?
• After detachment, what energizes the myosin head for the next cycle?
• What is a fascicle?
• What is actin?
• Which proteins regulate the interaction between actin and myosin by controlling access to binding sites on actin?
• Thin filaments are made of which protein?
• What is cellular respiration?
• Describe how skeletal muscle architecture affects force production.
• What is a strain?
• Which factor best explains why tetanus incidence is low in the United States?
• Identify a common neuromuscular disorder and briefly describe its mechanism.
• How is the sliding filament model activated?
• Which term describes the membrane that encloses a muscle fiber?
• What is a prime mover?
• Which term describes a tendon pathology resulting from repetitive overuse?
• What is the function of the M-line within the sarcomere?
• Fascia is which of the following?
• Which term describes a contractile unit within a myofibril that gives a striated appearance?
• Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance activities due to oxidative metabolism?
• A sign of oxygen deficiency after exertion is what?
• Which hormone is primarily associated with promoting protein synthesis and muscle growth?
• Which pump transports Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during relaxation?
• Which muscle architecture is best for packing more fibers to generate greater force, at the expense of shortening?
• Which region of a sarcomere contains only thick filaments?
• What triggers the release of calcium ions in skeletal muscle during excitation-contraction coupling?
• Which description best matches circumduction?
• In smooth muscle, excitation-contraction coupling involves calcium binding to which molecule, leading to activation of MLCK and phosphorylation of myosin heads?
• What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle energy metabolism?
• What is rigor mortis and when does it occur?
• Which statement about Clostridium tetani environmental preference is accurate?
• Which statement about calcium sources for contraction in skeletal and smooth muscle is most accurate?
• What term describes inflammation of a tendon?
• What describes extension?
• What are the main energy systems used for muscle contraction and when are they predominant?
• Which tissue is inflamed in tendinitis?
• Which term refers to inflammation of muscle tissue?
• Which sequence describes the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle?
• In what environments does Clostridium tetani thrive?
• Thick filaments are made of which protein?
• What is myosin?
• What is the role of the motor neuron and the neuromuscular junction in initiating muscle contraction?
• Where is the Clostridium tetani bacterium commonly located in the environment?
• Which process is used for energy when oxygen is absent?
• What is rapid stimulus?
• Which statement correctly describes the constituents and boundaries of a sarcomere?
• Which statement correctly describes Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• Which term describes circular movement of a limb?
• Which connective tissue layer surrounds a fascicle within a skeletal muscle?
• Describe Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the molecular basis.
• Does cellular respiration require oxygen?
• Why is ATP required for both contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle?
• What is a myofilament?
• The epimysium surrounds which structure?
• Which statement describes a muscular disorder listed?
• What is Myasthenia Gravis?
• Which process is anaerobic energy production?
• Which muscle type is typically attached to bones and enables voluntary movement?
• Tetanus toxin is released in which location?
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum is best described as what?
• Nuclei in muscle cells are located beneath which cellular membrane?
• Which term describes inflammation of muscle tissue?
• Which of the following are symptoms of tetanus?
• Which structure is responsible for all types of movement?
• What is sarcopenia?
• Contrast the metabolic profiles of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers and the resulting performance implications.
• How does one get greater muscle tension?
• Which statement correctly describes Type IIa muscle fibers?
• When is creatine phosphate made?
• Which structure separates neighboring muscles from each other?
• What does the length-tension curve help determine in clinical muscle testing?